BADMINTON FACTS

[redkingjoe]

BADMINTON FACTS


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Olympic Sport

Badminton premiered as a full-medal Olympic sport at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain and was again featured at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta and the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney. At the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, badminton continues as a full medal sport.


International Games

Olympics, Thomas and Uber Cups (World Team Championships for men and women, respectively held every year), World Championships (held every other year), Sudirman Cup (World Mixed Team Championships, held every other year), Pan American Games (every four years), U.S. Open.

International Association

International Badminton Federation (IBF) headquarters in Gloucestershire, England. Established in 1934.

Badminton's Beginning

Modern badminton began as 'poona' in India. In the 1860's it was adopted by British Army Officers stationed in India. The officers took the game back to England, where it became a success at a party given by the Duke of Beaufort at his estate called 'Badminton' in Gloucestershire.

Fastest Sports

Badminton is one of the fastest racket sports, requiring quick reflexes and superb conditioning. In a badminton smash, the shuttlecock has been timed at speeds over 200 m.p.h. in top international competition.

Aerobic Sport

Badminton is a highly aerobic sport which can be played throughout one's lifetime. In a typical two-game match, a player runs approx. one mile.


SOURCE: (http://www.scotbadminton.demon.co.uk/badminton_facts.htm)

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The above is from the web-site of SBU or BS which is supposedly very knowledge on badminton.

It is my understanding that all racket sports, including badminton, have a lot of "stops" and "play" during the game such that the energy system that is used for the game is mainly "anaerobic".

Hence, badminton is an "anaerobic sports" and should not be classified as "aerobic sports" like what is described in SBU.

[gregr999]

We've got the Koreans to thank for bringing badminton in as an exhibition sport in the Seoul Olympics of 1988. If memeory serves, the host country of each Olympics is permitted to introduce 2 exhibition sports to be considered for full-medal status in the following Olympics (4 yrs later). Badminton had actually been a demonstration sport at the 1972 Olympics in Munich. In June 1985, the IOC recognized the sport's magnitude (the IBF has 129 member countries) and voted unanimously to promote badminton to full-medal Olympic status after the Koreans had proposed it as an exhibition sport for Seoul.

Poona & other badminton precursor sports did not employ a net & very likely did not have defined boundaries either. Those games were of a cooperative nature, probably not unlike hackey sack (footbag) juggling circles. It was the British military that decided to formalize the game by adding a barrier (the net) and a court with boundaries. Just like tennis, the original badminton court had an hourglass shape. It wasn't until the early 1900's that the rectangular court of today was adopted.

Note that there are a couple of versions of footbag sports that are played on a badminton court (with the same 5 foot net) & played somewhat like vollyball (expect on the feet are used to contact the footbag). One version that I've witnessed employs 2 players on each side & played somehwat like volleyball doulbes. I think that the Thai version of the game employs 3 players on each side... 2 receivers in the back court who set the footbag up to the spiker in the front court. The front player often uses something akin to a football (soccer) bicycle kick to spike the footbag... in the process, they throw their body to the ground.

Aerobic Sport?

Badminton can certainly be a great cardiovascular exercise. However, while badminton can sometimes be aerobic in nature, I'm sure that this is not always true. Badminton drills can often be performed aerobically. In an actual game, however, it becomes more of an interval (or burst) activity. During the ON phase of the interval, the shuttle is "in play". This ON phase is nearly 50% of the total game time (which means that the OFF phase is 50% or slightly more). The ON phase for each rally generally lasts somewhere between a couple of seconds to 80-90 seconds (for a verrrry long rally). By contrast, a tennis ball is generally "in play" 10 to 20% of the total game time.

In long distance running & cycling as well as with sustained swimming, the athlete is moving continuously & is truly exercising aerobically. Field players in football (soccer) and basketball players probably also stay in their aerobic range. On the other hand, because of the start/stop nature of the sport, badminton players probably use both aerobic as well as anaerobic systems to perform their activity.

The bottom line is that a conditioned badminton player should have a good aerobic base. However, interval training (wind sprints, intermittent jump ropping) should also be an integral part of conditioning to develop the anaerobic energy systems of the body.

[Christina]

I think (though i might be wrong) that when a sport is called an 'aerobic sport' it just means that it involves vigorous exercise which is designed to incresae oxygen intake. I don't think they mean to compare 'aerobic' and 'anaerobic' respiration. Most highly active sports involve anaerobic respiration at some stage.

[gregr999]

I think (though i might be wrong) that when a sport is called an 'aerobic sport' it just means that it involves vigorous exercise which is designed to incresae oxygen intake. I don't think they mean to compare 'aerobic' and 'anaerobic' respiration. Most highly active sports involve anaerobic respiration at some stage.

I would think that it would be more appropriate, & less confusing to characterize badminton as a high-intensity cardiovascular activity rather than classifying it as an aerobic sport. To my mind, an aerobic exercise (or activity) is one where cellular (chemical) energy is primarily generated (or released) in a series of metabolic steps involving the consumption of oxygen... aerobic respiration (on the cellular level). To refer to all vigorous, or high-intensity, exercise as aerobic, as many ppl do, is technically incorrect.

[Christina]

I would think that it would be more appropriate, & less confusing to characterize badminton as a high-intensity cardiovascular activity rather than classifying it as an aerobic sport... To refer to all vigorous, or high-intensity, exercise as aerobic, as many ppl do, is technically incorrect.

I agree. It can be very confusing.
I think the meaning of the word 'aerobic' when it comes to 'aerobic sport' and 'aerobic respiration' is slightly different, and so it can be very misleading, especially when considering that aerobic exercies usually use anaerobic respiration. You're absolutely right that it is technically incorrect to say that high intensity exercise is an 'aerobic' sport.

[JoeWright]

The situation is complicated when you get down to the biochemistry as generally all three energy processes happen all the time. However, following the specificity principle we should be describing the sport in terms of power output profile.

Badminton is an interval sport with very high intensity peaks (but also rest periods). Unfortunately, too many coaches and governing bodies don't realise this. For example, I know BE use dV/dt O2Max as a measure of fitness (as tested by the bleep test). Of course this is wrong since it is designed to strip away the capacity for power burst and attempt to measure the remaining demand by the mitochondria (i.e. maximum steady state). I have heard of some research that found an unexpectedly high proportion of type 1 fibres in muscles of elite badminton players and I'm wondering if it is because their training has mistakedly focused on improving things like bleep tests instead of high intensity shuttles.

I hope to be setting up a research programme at some point with Badmintology to look into effective fitness training.

Joe

[NeilNicholls]

I have heard of some research that found an unexpectedly high proportion of type 1 fibres in muscles of elite badminton players and I'm wondering if it is because their training has mistakedly focused on improving things like bleep tests instead of high intensity shuttles.
was that the Danish project for the 1992 Olympic Games (OG92) ?

[rhombus]

Dear Jo,
As is well known ATP is produced by the Mitochondria via the electron transport chain, utilising Oxygen in an active process. We have done some research at work that suggests that in Hypoxic ( lack of Oxygen )
conditions, the body upregulates Glycolysis to compensate for the lack of ATP production under these conditions. However, I would be very suprised that playing Badminton, even over long periods, would produce true Hypoxic conditions i.e. below 0.1% Tissue oxygenation. Maybe an interesting pHD research
project ?

[JoeWright]

Rhombus,

I would doubt very much that Badminton induces hypoxia in the wide sense. The issue is that the power demands greatly exceed the capacity of mitochondria (and the phosphagen ATP regeneration) to replenish ATP.

So training will need to boast stored glycogen, increase mobilisation of glucose into the muscle cells when demanded, improve the ability to deal with by-products (e.g. acid in the blood) as well as porbably improving oxygen supply to the mitochondria (as although they cannot meet all the demands they can meet some). All this should be done without compromising muscle composition for producing the necessary power (unlimited demand in badminton). Easy really?

The problem so far is that people have been applying steady state ideas (e.g. bleep test) to a sport with a completely different energy demand profile. This violates the specificity of training principal. That is why I plan to conduct research at some point into effective training for the energy systems for Badminton.

Regards
Joe

[JoeWright]

was that the Danish project for the 1992 Olympic Games (OG92) ?

I haven't seen it yet but that sounds right. It was done by a belgium group on elite Danish players so its possible.

Joe

[redkingjoe]

recognizing the correct nature of badminton as a sports is of prime importance. the anerobic nature of badminton determines the proper way of doing a lot of things related to playing badminton:

1 maximal training and designing training sessions; how to promote our body's efficiency in the correct energy system so that we can do our best in playing: play longer with higher intensity without the fears of burning out?

2 preventing sports injury(to the heart mainly); eg do some "real" aerobic exercise to train the heart for complimenting the insufficiency of badminton?

3 pre-competition rest and diet, eg should we, could we or how to store the maximum gleycogen in our body so that the specify kind of energy will be stored to the maximum capacity?

4 how to quicken "post competition" recovery, eg how to clear the lactic acid faster?

5 will weight-training help with our anerobic energy system which will also hlep with badminton?

6 should we use drill solely to improve footwork or should we add running 30 minutes in medium/high intensity to improve footwork?

7 etc.

the above are just some of my thoughts...hope that joe, gregr...will add more

[JoeWright]

Wouldn't worry about the heart generally although you must always understand that sudden introduction of high intensity workouts for unfit people is dangerous. Also, players about to embark on a training regime can be screened for heart problems but this isn't really to do with training exactly, more medical.

I think we need to get away from the notion of aerobic/anaeronic because all three ATP recycling systems (phosphagen, glycolysis and respiration) tend to all run simultaneously for all different types of exercise. Its a question of making improvements in systems that give the greatest benefit for a given situation. Also, important things like substrate storage and mobilisation are probably at least as important if not more so.

Lactic acid = MYTH! See http://www.topracket.com/Badmintology/index.php?QuickLink=Energy01 for an introduction. Although the idea that glycolysis produces lactic acid as a byproduct is orthodox it is certainly wrong. ATP hydrolysis and pyruvate production (glycolysis) produce a build up of acid which is pumped out of the cell (leading to an increase of blood acid levels). Lactate formation actually absorbs acid.

For an examination of recovery see: http://www.topracket.com/Badmintology/index.php?QuickLink=Recovery01

The goal of weight training in Badminton should primarily be to cause hypertrophy of the muscles. This can then, through normal badminton technique training, lead to increased power. The energy demanded by the increased power is a separate issue. Cross training comes in here but you'll have to wait for my research to be completed before a proper specification can be drawn up.

With regard to drills I would keep technique and physical training separate.

Joe

[NeilNicholls]

recognizing the correct nature of badminton as a sports is of prime importance.
true

the anerobic nature of badminton determines the proper way of doing a lot of things related to playing badminton:
As others have said, it's not anaerobic. Or aerobic. It's a combination of the two.
And different combinations for the different disciplines, MS, WS, XD, MD, WD

The anaerobic energy systems can deliver more power than aerobic, but only for short periods.
To get an advantage over your opponent you can train to:
increase anaerobic power
reduce anerobic recovery time
increase aerobic power

If you can increase your aerobic energy output so that you don't need to use anaerobic energy so much, then you have the option to extend rallies beyond your opponent's endurance.

[redkingjoe]

As others have said, it's not anaerobic. Or aerobic. It's a combination of the two.
And different combinations for the different disciplines, MS, WS, XD, MD, WD
.

1 It's true that most sports will employ the 3 systems of energy. according to the research of U Witwatersrand, Badminton mainly uses short term energy 80% of the time during play and the primary nature of the sport is anaerobic. Only a few sports can be qualified as aerobic sports and badminton is definitly not one of them.

2 I think my key point here is: ppl mis-believe that badminton is an highly aerobic sports and thought that they can better their aerobic well being by picking it as a live-long sports. it's sad for me to see very often on the badminton court that players at his 40+ cannot play long games like when they were young but when we look at the runners or swimmers at 50+, they can run or swim as long as or even longer than when they were young at high intensity.

3 recognizing that badminton is more a sport of anarrobic in nature, i think we really need to supplement some aerobic sports to enhance the endurance for longer play.

Here's an intreresting table(you can go to the source to take a look at some interesting discussion) :

Table 1. Contribution of short, intermediate and long-term energy systems to common sports. This information is useful in determining acute exercise variables for program design. Please note that most sports are anaerobic, yet many athletes and coaches make the mistake of using aerobic training to prepare for anaerobic sports, which actually decreases performance.

Referenced from:
M.C. Siff, Y.V. Verkhoshansky. 1993. Supertraining: Special Strength Training for Sporting Excellence. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.


Sport; Short Term System; Intermediate System; Long Term System
Badminton 80 10 10
Baseball 80 20 0
Basketball 85 15 0
Cricket 80 20 0
Fencing 90 10 0
Field hockey 60 20 20
American football 90 10 0
Golf 95 5 0
Gymnastics 90 10 0
Ice hockey:
forwards, defense 80 20 0
goalie 95 5 0
Lacrosse:
goalie, defense, attack 80 20 0
midfielders, man-down 60 20 20
Rowing 20 30 50
Rugby 90 10 0
Skiing:
slalom, jumping, downhill 80 20 0
cross-country 0 5 95
pleasure skiing 34 33 33
Soccer:
goalie, wings, strikers 80 20 0
half-backs or link players 60 20 20
Squash 50 30 20
Swimming and diving:
50m, diving 98 2 0
100m 80 15 5
200m 30 65 5
400m 20 40 40
1500m, 1 mile 10 20 70
Tennis 70 20 10
Track and Field:
100m, 200m 95 5 0
Field events 90 10 0
400m 80 15 5
800m 30 65 5
1500m, 1 mile 20 55 25
3000m 20 40 40
5000m 10 20 70
10 000m 5 15 80
Standard marathon 0 5 95
Volleyball 90 10 0
Weightlifting 95 5 0
Wrestling 90 10

source: (http://www.mercola.com/fcgi/pf/2004/oct/2/cardio_training.htm)

[NeilNicholls]

Sport; Short Term System; Intermediate System; Long Term System
Badminton 80 10 10

for singles, maybe.


"Average registered heart rate during matches
MS 92%
WS 88%
MD 81%
WD 76%
M in XD 77%
W in XD 66%"
Mikkelsen F. 1979. Physical demands and muscle adaption in elite badminton players. Science in Racquet Sports.


"The pattern of glycogen depletion in the legs during a game of badminton shows that both ST and FTa fibres are active, though primarily the ST fibres. Where the arms are concerned, the pattern of glycogen depletion in the delta muscle shows that the actvity is greatest in FTa and FTb fibres."
Mikkelsen F. Omosegaard B. Frost M. 1985. Badminton pa min made.

[JoeWright]

1) Well I can't believe the phosphagen system can supply 80% of the ATP generation throughout a match.

2) The Mikkelsen paper is interesting. The ST fibres in the legs being depleted more than FT indicates that forces in the legs were generally substantially sub maximal. However, it still supports the significant use of glycolysis. Another point to make is that badminton has come a long way since 1979 and I expect greater forces in the legs (e.g. significantly more jump smashing and faster court locomotion).

Joe

[NeilNicholls]

Another point to make is that badminton has come a long way since 1979
In "Physical Training for Badminton", Bo Omosegaard states a figure of 7-10 seconds for average rally length and rest interval between rallies. i.e 50% intensity. 50% of time in rallies, 50% in breaks.

My own observations of Mens Singles would indicate that in the 80's, the intensity was more like 30-40% in rallies.
More recently, the time duration of rallies is about the same, but slightly more shots are played per rally.
Overall intensity is 20-30% in rallies.
(only looking at breaks during the games, even lower if you include breaks between games)

i.e. The rallies are the of the same duration but played at a higher tempo, and the breaks betwen rallies have got longer.

[redkingjoe]

Once in a while, I have heard from news about ppls getting sudden death after playing badminton. althought most of the cases were over mid-20s, this time the girl was at 17! I think a lot of players/coaches still don't recognize the need for complementing badminton training with aerobic training(especially running).

training the heart to be able to handle stronger intensity in a sustained period of time(over 35 mins)will not only improve the heart but also improve the game.

Student collapses, dies at badminton tryout

Friday, November 18, 2005

A 17-year-old student died after trying out for the badminton team with about 35 others at her all-girls private school yesterday morning.

Jennifer Lou, a boarding student from Taiwan at Bishop Strachan School, collapsed and fell unconscious about 8 a.m. Staff began performing CPR immediately. She was taken to Mount Sinai Hospital where she was pronounced dead at 9:30 a.m.

"Obviously, the school is in shock," spokeswoman Sharon Gregg said, adding that grief counsellors were called in to talk to the students.

Ms. Lou had been boarding at the Avenue Road and Spadina Avenue school for the past two years. Her parents were contacted yesterday in Taiwan.

[JoeWright]

A sudden death like this will be due to a heart anomily. Fit and/or young people can't get a heart attack from exercise alone (although over heating could be an issue) without a heart problem. Unfortunately, heart problems can go undetected and only reveal themselves (sometimes fatally) during exercise or by random chance. Sometimes youngsters go to bed and never wake up.

Screening is a possibility although I'm not too sure how many would have access to it.

With regards 'aerobic' training. Steady state training violates the specificity principal. It may actually worsen Badminton performance to do running. High intensity interval training would be more appropriate but as yet the research into what works best has not been done.

Cheers, Joe

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